ABSTRACT
Increase in incidence of oral cancers associated with tobacco and smokeless tobacco products in South Asian countries, especially in Pakistan, is creating an alarming situation
Objectives: Study investigated the association of tobacco, smokeless tobacco and alcohol with oral cancer
Methods: A case control design was used. 118 cases of oral cancer were selected from hospital, matched with 354 controls during April to June 2015. Case to control ratio was 1:3
Results: Mean age of cases was 48.9I +/- 13.24 years, 77.1% being males and 22.9% females. Most of the participants belonged to low socioeconomic status. The association of pan with oral cancer was very significant [p<0.05, OR= 9.755, 95% CI 5.7-16.5]. However, 62/118 cases were non-chewers and developed oral cancer. Pan chewing showed the strongest risk for oral cancer. We also found an increased risk for oral cancer in the consumption of Niswar [p<0.05, OR- 3.941, 95% CI 1.6-9.8], gutka [p<0.05, OR- 4.133, 95% CI 3.5-4.9], supari/chalia [p<0.05, OR-3.291, 95% CI 1.6-6.7] and alcohol [p<0.05, OR-4.789, 95%C1: 1.7-13.6]. Cigarette Smoking habit was present in both case and controls [p>0.05, OR- 1.291, 95% CI 0.8-1.9] indicating the cultural habit prevalent in Pakistan
Conclusion: Our study thus proved strong association between these predisposing factors and the development of oral cancer and the strength of association found to be stronger than in other studies
ABSTRACT
Dengue fever is being caused by Flaviviridae family and has four serotypes. The vector is mosquito Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Dengue fever also known as bone break fever. Primary infection with any one of the four dengue virus serotypes typically causing dengue fever [DF], which is a severe but self limited acute febrile illness, some primary infections and more of secondary infections with two different serotype results in very severe, debilitating and life-threatening DHF/DSS, which is characterized by increased vascular permeability and haemorrhagic manifestations. In rare cases of DHF/DSS, neurologic abnormalities, including encephalitis, may also occur. There are some evidence of other atypical manifestations of dengue fever as well such as a calculus cholecystitis, appendicitis, pneumonitis and myocarditis. Variations in virus strains within and between the four serotypes may influence disease severity. Secondary infections are more likely to result in severe disease and dengue haemorrhagic fever
ABSTRACT
To find out lead toxicity affects all levels of reproductive axis including both testosterone and Luteinizing Hormone production in adult male rats. An experimental study on animals The study was carried out at Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from January 2010toNovember2010. Thirty adult male Sprawgue Dawley rats, purchased from NIH, Islamabad were divided into two groups A and B each containing 15 rats. Group A served as normal control receiving plain tap water. Group B received 0.3% lead acetate in drinking water. Five rats from each group were sacrificed at the end of 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks. Serum testosterone and LH levels were analyzed using ELISA technique. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 13. Serum testosterone level was significantly decreased in lead treated group as compared to control group whereas LH levels showed no significant change. Lead toxicity in male rats suppressed serum testosterone levels at all duration whereas LH levels at all durations manifested no significant change. This might be a result of direct testicular toxicity acting at testicular enzyme level alone or involving the hypothalamic-pituitary axis as well
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to observe changes in spermatogenesis in the testes of albino rats exposed to lead acetate. An experimental animals study. This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindiand at National Institute of Health Islamabad from January to April, 2009. Male adult rats were exposed to lead acetate with intraperitoneal dose of 4mg/Kg body weight for 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The animals in group A were used as control. The animals of groups B were treated with lead acetate with specified dose for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks the animals of subgroup B were sacrificed. The results of these two groups were then compared, After six weeks, it was observed that the number of spermatogenic cells had decreased in the test groups as compared with control group [p<0.05]. Lead is toxic for cells of spermatogenic series, injurious to heaith and plays a significant role in reducing male fertility
ABSTRACT
To determine the correlation of ABRI with treatment intervention and outcome as discharged or expired in patients of acute variceal bleed. Cross-sectional study Records of all the patients admitted in Medical Unit-IV, Civil Hospital Karachi with acute variceal bleeding during January 2004 to October 2006 were retrieved. Use of vasoactive agents [Terlipressin/Octreotide], endoscopic band ligation [EBL] and outcome [Discharged/Expired] were noted. ABRI was calculated by the following formula: ABRI= Blood Units Transfused/ [[Final Hematocrit - Initial Hematocrit] + 0.01] Mean ABRI were compared by Student's 't' test according to vasoactive therapy, EBL and outcome. Correlation of ABRI with the same variables was also studied by plotting Receiver Operative Curves [ROC]. Seventy six patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were selected. No statistically significant difference was observed in the mean ABRI scores when compared according to vasoactive drug administration, EBL and outcome. Significant correlation with mortality was seen on ROC plot with significantly larger area under the curve. ABRI correlated significantly with mortality in this study. Larger prospective studies with appropriate power are required to evaluate its association with other variables